Location, direction, instrument, reason — and the pi- place-forms
Actor, goal, beneficiary — and then a long tail. Forman opens this section by saying there are "a number of other types of verbal predication" which work the same way: an affix on the verb, marking particles on the noun phrases.
This lesson is deliberately a recognition lesson. You are not expected to produce these fluently. You are expected to stop being derailed by them.
The same -an and i- you already know can put the location, the direction or the referent of the action into focus.
Kakabitan yeng alambre ing pasbul.
The door is where someone is hanging the wire.
Kebitanan neng alambre ing pasbul.
The door is where someone hung the wire.
Salikutan me ing kloset. — Hide in the closet.
Sebitan keng midalya ing anak ku. — I pinned a medal on my child.
Lakwan me i Nene. — Go away from Nene.
Kewanian neng Pedru ing asawa na. — Pedro was separated from his wife.
English needs a preposition for each of these — on, in, from, away from. Kapampangan puts the relation on the verb and lets ing mark whatever is in focus.
A very common member of this family is kutnan, "ask":
Kutnan me i Nene nung malyari ne ikua.
Ask Nene if she can catch it.
Kutnan me i Juan nung atin yang pala.
Ask Juan if he has a shovel.
Kitnan ne. — He was asked.
atin in that second sentence is the HAVE form from beginner lesson 10 — not ati. Forman's own example confirms the distinction.
And kutnan → kitnan is the u → i change from lesson 1, with the -an dropping. That makes kutang a List C verb, exactly as lesson 1's table said.
A related set uses pi-, pipan- or pipag-. With some roots these form words meaning the place where an action happens; with others, a thing so affected or an instrument.
Pikuanan neng baruyan. — That is a place to get dresses.
Ing lugar a pikuanan nang Maria ng ulunan, matas ya.
The place where Maria got the pillow was high.
Pipagkabitan yang lubid ini. — This is a place to fix ropes.
Pipanyawaran tayang abyas ing pari. — We got rice from the priest.
He writes that the resulting predications "are difficult to distinguish from descriptive equational sentences and it is not clear that the predicates are not nominal forms" — and that many of them "do not appear to be transitive in the ordinary sense but rather appear to be more accurately describable as stative."
In plain terms: he cannot tell whether pikuanan in that first sentence is a verb or a noun. Neither can you, and that is not your failing. Read them as "a place where…" and move on.
Roots taking pag- or pan- together with i-, alongside an ing-marked phrase, give an instrumental reading — the thing used to do it is in focus.
Penatad ke ing kotse. — I used the car to fetch someone.
Ibayad mu reng pera. — Use the money to pay.
E ne pigparti ing malan. — The dress is not for parties.
Ibayad mu reng pera is worth pausing on. Literally it is closer to "money-use-it-to-pay" — the money is the focused element and the paying is the verb. English has no comparable construction, which is why the translation comes out as an imperative with an instrument.
Beginner lesson 3 introduced king as "to, at, in, for." That was a simplification. Forman lists what it actually covers:
time · location · direction · indirect object · beneficiary · recipient · referent · source · instrument · possessor · one of two things compared
And he adds that these functions range "along what seems almost to be a continuum rather than a set of discrete classes."
Magbalik kame king Unyu. — We will come back in June. (time)
Banda king Mabalakat ing bunduk Arayat. — Mt. Arayat is on the way to Mabalacat. (direction)
Binyene ing buntuk ampong batal king makibale. — He gave the head and neck to the owner of the house. (recipient)
Pinalu ke keng dutung. — I beat him with a piece of wood. (instrument)
Masakit ing Kapampangan keng Tagalog. — Kapampangan is harder than Tagalog. (comparison)
That last one is the comparative construction, and lesson 12 builds on it. Note keng — the variant of king you met in the beginner course's marker lesson.
Write time, instrument or comparison.
How many predication types are there in total? Forman does not give a closed number, and that is deliberate — the boundaries are not all settled. The encyclopedia's "five voices" is a tidier account than the evidence supports.
Do I need to produce these? Not at B1. Recognise them; produce actor, goal and beneficiary.
Why is king doing so much? Because Kapampangan puts the specific relation on the verb and uses king as a general oblique marker. English splits the work across many prepositions instead.
These constructions are frequent in ordinary speech even though grammars treat them as a residue. Recognising a pi- place-form or an instrumental i- stops you from mis-parsing a whole sentence around it.
Next: Morphophonemics I — why roots change shape at all, and the two vowel changes that have been showing up since lesson 1.